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Most measurement instruments being terminated by unbalanced ports, the measurement of a balanced antenna’s radiation characteristics is generally done using balanced to unbalanced transformers (baluns). These circuits are lossy, cumbersome and generally narrowband thus introducing added measurement imprecision. In this paper, we present a novel method for measuring differential antennas’ radiation characteristics by using traditional RF instrumentation, without the use of baluns. By regarding the differential antenna as a two port device, we can obtain the radiation characteristics of the differential mode from the measurement of the radiation characteristics and the scattering parameters of the single access fed two-port antenna. A theoretical study, based on the superposition principle, establishes equations that allow the passage from the single access feed mode to the differential mode. This method is validated by comparing the measurement results with the simulation results of a canonical differential antenna, a half-wave dipole antenna printed on a dielectric substrate.
This paper describes the motivation and major issues related to the design of an RCS radar instrumentation system for use in a compact range. The high degree of sophistication implemented in commercially-available radar systems renders them subject to significant MTTR (mean time to repair) with corresponding losses in range productivity. The objective of the design effort was to develop a system of minimal complexity, maximally suited to troubleshooting and repair by laboratory personnel, while retaining the operational efficiency normally provided by the commercial systems.
The increasing numbers of microwave instruments and devices that include IEEE 802.3 interfaces are influencing range design and capabilities, as well as the ability to remotely locate GPIB instruments. The major benefits of LAN based instrumentation systems are increased flexibility in instrument location and increased capabilities over long distances compared to GPIB based ranges. This paper discusses the relative merits of LAN based microwave test instrumentation ranges. Several example range designs are included that demonstrate how LAN based instrumentation can increase range flexibility and reduce costs in range implementation.
The measurement of the radiation patterns of the PLANCK Radio Frequency Qualification Model (RFQM) is one of the most important elements of the verification of the PLANCK telescope. PLANCK is one of the scientific missions of the European Space Agency and is devoted to observe the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation, with unprecedented accuracy. The satellite payload consists of two state-of-the-art, cryogenically cooled instruments sharing a dual reflector telescope with 1.5 m aperture and covering the frequency range from 27 GHz to 1000 GHz. As a key part of the telescope verification logic, the radiation patterns of the RFQM has been measured in the Alcatel Alenia Space Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) at four frequencies (30, 70, 100 and 320 GHz) using representative flight feed horns of the focal plane unit. This paper presents the test logic, the measured radiation patterns, the custom-made instrumentation set-up, the correction techniques used and the final link to the Flight Model verification.
This paper presents measurements of the CloudSat Collimating Antenna (CA) as fabricated for the 94.05 GHz CloudSat radar, which is to be used to measure moisture profiles in the atmosphere. The CloudSat CA is a 3 reflector system consisting of the 3 "final" (relative to the transmitted energy) reflecting surfaces of the CloudSat instrument. This assembly was fed by a horn designed to approximate the illumination from a Quasi-Optical Transmission Line (QOTL). This same horn was employed as a "standard" for measurement of the CA gain via substitution, and its patterns were also measured (this substitution represents a departure from the standard insertion loss technique in the near field range). The CloudSat CA presented a substantial measurement challenge because of the frequency and the electrical size of the aperture is approximately 600 wavelengths in diameter, with a nominal beamwidth of 0.11 degrees. In addition, very high accuracy was needed to characterize the lower sidelobe levels of this antenna. The CA measurements were performed on a 3122-ft outdoor range (this distance was 41% of the far field requirement), which were immediately followed by measurements in an indoor cylindrical Near Field (NF) range. The instrumentation challenges, electrical, mechanical, and environmental are described. Comparison of the outdoor vs. indoor pattern data is presented, as well as the effect of the application of tie-scans to the near field data.
DSO National Laboratories (DSO) has commissioned a state-of-the-art combined near-field and far-field antenna test facility in 2004. This facility supports highly accurate measurement of a wide range of antenna types over 1–18 GHz. The overall system accuracy allows for future extensions to 40GHz and higher. The 11.0m x 5.5m x 4.0m (L x W x H) shielded facility houses the anechoic chamber and the control room. As the proffered location for this indoor facility is on top of an existing complex instead of the ground floor, antenna pickup is facilitated by a specialized loading platform accompanied by a heavy-duty state of the art fully automated 2.0m x 3.0m (W x H) sliding door, as well as an overhead crane that spans the entire chamber width. Absorber layout comprises 8-inch, 12-inch, 18-inch and 24-inch pyramidal absorbers. The positioning system is a heavy-duty high precision 3.6m x 2.9m (W x H) T-type planar scanner and AUT positioner. The AUT positioner system is configured as roll over upper slide over azimuth over lower slide system. This positioning system configuration allows for planar, cylindrical and spherical near-field measurements. A rapidly rotating roll positioner is mounted on a specialized alignment fixture behind the scanner to facilitate far-field measurements. Instrumentation is based on an Agilent PNA E8362B. Software is based on the MiDAS 4.0 package. A Real-Time Controller (RTC), accompanied by an 8-port RF switch, facilitates multi-port antenna measurements, with the possibility of interfacing to an active antenna.
Operating frequencies in the gigahertz range is creating an increased need for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. In the United States, FCC regulations require conformance to radiated and conducted emissions specifications. An EMC laboratory was established at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo (screen room, test instrumentation, and software) and an experiment was developed to explore conducted emissions effects. This paper will describe the test configuration, explain the calibration procedure needed to acquire accurate measurements, and illustrate measurement techniques applied to two example systems. In addition, the data collection process is illustrated through software donated by CKC Laboratories (EMC specialists). To verify the functionality of the laboratory and to assess measurement accuracy, two 12V/15W switching power supplies are characterized for conducted emissions performance; one as supplied by the vendor (KGCOMP) and a second unit with the EMC filters removed. The noise spectrum for both units are plotted against frequency and compared to FCC specifications. The unaltered unit is shown to be in compliance, thus verifying the accuracy of the test procedure and instrumentation.
The time-dependent spectrum of rotating structures presents many significant challenges to radar cross section (RCS) test design, instrumentation parameter selection, signal processing methodology, data analysis, and data interpretation. This paper presents a multi-dimensional signal processing tool and a suite of associated data products, based on an efficiently scripted test design and execution strategy, that are responsive to the high throughput, high data volume requirements and real time data analysis demands associated with rotorcraft testing. We specifically address the NRTF’s realization of a suite of spectral, cepstral and statistical signal processing tools supported by animation that facilitate near-real time parametric data analysis and interpretation.
Upcoming space exploration missions will have microwave instruments operating well beyond 100 GHz. Test techniques and instrumentation have to keep up with these developments. Although most of these instruments operate in a few narrow bands, a test engineer, faced with the combined requirements of a range of instruments will prefer full octave band coverage. As a goal, he would like to have the same functionality as at lower frequencies, i.e. sweep or step frequency capability, high dynamic range, coherent, computer controllable and compatible with existing receiver equipment (HP8530). A concept based on a Backward Wave Oscillator, locked by PLL to a synthesizer was chosen for the 110-170 GHz band. For the next leap, the 170-260 GHz band, a solid- state concept based on multipliers has been chosen. The experience with both systems and the pro’s and cons will be clarified
This paper describes the RCS measurement test facilities, CHEOPS, STRADI and SOLANGE which are operated in the Technical Center for Information Warfare (CELAR) in France, with a particular focus on SOLANGE. CHEOPS is an anechoïc chamber convenient for the measurement of small missiles as well as antennas measurement. STRADI is an outdoor facility, which is convenient for measurement of land vehicles, helicopters and large antennas. SOLANGE is an indoor RCS measurement facility used to measure long missiles and aircraft. Originally built in 1985, SOLANGE has been continuously upgraded to fulfill all customers requirements in the field of RCS measurement. Thanks to the in house radar instrumentation and data processing software, SOLANGE can reach a very good performance on small or big RCS targets from 200 MHz to 18 GHz. The UHF/VHF capacity has been recently enhanced thanks to the upgrade of the positioning system and the cooperation between CELAR and CEA.
An indoor far-field range consists of the appropriate instrumentation and an anechoic chamber. In most of cases, the construction of the anechoic chamber is a laboring task and costs at a great expense. To save the money and labor, efforts for the range design are needed before the chamber been constructed. In this paper, the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to establish the design criteria for the far-field ranges. The commercial package named “FIDELITYTM”, based on FDTD algorithm released by Zeland Software, Inc., is used for the numerical calculations. To emulate the test procedure of the free-space VSWR technique, the electric fields of the points on the scanning axis are recorded during the simulation. And then, by plotting the amplitude ripples calculated from the recorded data, the range performance can be evaluated. The criteria of chamber layout, absorber arrangement, and source antenna selection and placement will be presented and discussed.
This paper presents advances in the instrumentation techniques that can be used for the measurement and characterization of antennas that are to be tested in a pulsed mode of operation. A digital filtering process is described which allows accurate measurements under a wide range of pulse conditions using a single receiver. A novel approach to achieving point-on-pulse measurements using receiver time-gating at the IF frequency is described. Measurements made using an Agilent E8360 PNA series Microwave Network Analyzer are presented as a demonstration of a practical implementation of these techniques.
At a Department of Defense antenna measurement laboratory, an important measurement is the accurate measurement of gain for circularly polarized antennas. An additional requirement is that a wide population of engineers and technicians that do not spend a significant amount of time using the facility make the measurements as they test the antennas for their projects. The objective was to create a highly automated, accurate test structure that was easily used by visiting engineers to make high quality measurements. Consistency of results across the user population was a paramount requirement. This paper describes the instrumentation and software used to meet this objective. The paper describes basic measurement techniques, the exploitation of instrumentation capabilities to make the measurements, the software processing of the data and the graphical user interface that was developed to make the test process essentially a “one button” operation. Significant components in the test scenario were the ability to accurately collect data on a linearly polarized Standard Gain Horn in orthogonal polarizations without inducing errors caused by various axes of motion and to provide channel imbalance correction for the orthogonal channels of the instrumentation and range.
MTI Technology and Engineering Ltd. in Israel has installed an antenna test facility for the development and production testing of communication link antennas. Link antennas are typically high gain, medium size (< 2 ft) and medium to high frequency (10 to 50 GHz), with strict requirements on sidelobes, back-radiation and cross-polarization. Production testing is typically done on the main cuts. The facility is also used for PTMP and WLL antennas down to 2 GHz. This is an ideal requirement for a small size compact range. The ORBIT/FR single reflector compact range with a cylindrical quiet zone of a size 4 x 4 ft (diameter x length) was selected. The performance is compliant to international regulations (e.g. FCC, ETSI, DTI-MPT), and has a cross polarization as low as –40 dB for 0.4-m antennas. The total chamber size is 31 x 18 x 15 ft (L x W x H). The positioner system is roll over model tower over azimuth over lower slide. The instrumentation is Agilent 8530 based. The system was installed and qualified in late 2002. Qualification was performed from 2 to 50 GHz for quiet zone field probing and antenna sidelobe level accuracy testing. A system description, as well as an excerpt of the qualification data are presented in the paper.
System Planning Corporation (SPC) is pleased to announce our new instrumentation radar measurement system denoted the Cheetah radar line. This radar system is based around the new Agilent PNA series of network analyzers. The PNA operates from 0.1 to 67 GHz and is utilized for making gated CW or CW RCS and Antenna measurements. The PNA has a built in synthesizer that allows the unit to be used without costly external synthesizers and external mixers. The PNA also has four identical receiving channels, two signal and two reference, that permit simultaneous co and cross pol measurements to be made. PNA IF bandwidth is selectable from 1 Hz to 40 kHz to optimize measurement sensitivity, dynamic range and speed. Using the segmented sweep feature of the PNA a single frequency sweep can be broken into segments, to further optimize the sensitivity, dynamic range, and speed. Each segment can have its own start and stop frequency, frequency step size, IF BW and power level. SPC has developed the high speed RF gating, low noise RF preamplifiers and high speed digital timing system, which allow maximum sensitivity, full up gated CW or CW radar measurements using the PNA. SPC has coupled the system to the CompuQuest 1541 RCS and Antenna Data Acquisition and Data Analysis Processing Software. This exciting new product line offers reduced cost and improved performance over current network analyzer based systems using the HP 8530, 8510, etc. Performance improvements are in the reduced noise figure, sensitivity, dynamic range and measurement speed. Measurement speeds are increased by at least a magnitude of order over the older systems and in some cases a couple of orders of magnitude.
Upcoming space exploration missions will have microwave instruments operating well beyond 100 GHz. Test techniques and instrumentation have to keep up with these developments. Although most of these instruments operate in a few narrow bands, a test engineer, faced with the combined requirements of a range of instruments will prefer full octave band coverage. As a goal, he would like to have the same functionality as at lower frequencies, i.e. sweep or step frequency capability, high dynamic range in the order of 80 dB, coherent, computer controllable and compatible with existing receiver equipment (HP8530). A concept based on a Backward Wave Oscillator, locked by PLL to a synthesizer was chosen. On the receiver side, sub-harmonic mixing was applied. The 110-170 GHz band was chosen as a first step to test the concept. The realized equipment has unsurpassed performance in terms of band coverage and dynamic range. In fact, all the requirements were achieved.
The ability to perform radar cross section (RCS) measurements, where background subtraction is applied, requires a measurement system that is very stable throughout the measurement time span. Background subtraction allows the measurement of low RCS components mounted in high RCS test bodies by permitting the scattering from the test body to be removed by coherently subtracting the test body (background) RCS from the target RCS measurement. Amplitude and phase variation of the illumination signal between the time that the target and background measurements are performed will limit the quality of subtraction achievable. Modern instrumentation radars can maintain extraordinary stability when exposed to controlled temperature environments, but controlling the temperature of a large compact range can be difficult. Other components of the measurement system, such as the reflector, can also be influenced by temperature fluctuations. Methods of controlling the thermal environment can have significant consequences. Lessons learned in the Advanced Compact Range at the Air Force Research Laboratory will be described.
Free space, coherent radar cross section measurements on a moving target trace a circle centered on the origin of the complex (I,Q) plane. Noise introduces only small random variations in the radius of the circle. In real measurement configurations, additional signals are present due to background, clutter, targetmount interaction, instrumentation and the average of the time-dependent system drift. Such signals are important contributors to the uncertainty in radar cross section measurements. These time-independent complex signals will translate the origin of the circle to a complex point (I0,Q0). Such data are then defined by the three parameters (I0,Q0), the center of the circle, and st, the radar cross section of the target. Data obtained when a target is moved relative to its support pylon can be separated into phasedependent and phase-independent components using the techniques of (1) three-parameter numerical optimization, (2) least-median-squares fit, (3) adaptive forward-backward finite-impulse response procedure, and (4) orthogonal distance regression applied to a circle fit. We determine three parameters with known and acceptable uncertainties. However, the contribution of systematic errors due to unwanted in-phase electric signals must still be carefully evaluated.
The NUWC/NPT Overwater Arch Antenna Range consists of a 70 ft radius measurement arch located over an elevated 90 ft x 65 ft salt water pool. This facility, located outdoors, presents mechanical and electrical challenges. Measurement accuracy and precision are a function of environmental parameters (including unwanted signals), physical plant and instrumentation characteristics. Measured data variation will be presented along with techniques which could be employed to improve range performance.
This paper presents the design and performance characteristics of a novel active stability control capability that Aeroflex Incorporated has developed and implemented in the élan-2000 pulsed-IF instrumentation radar. The real-time technique incorporates an internal power reference loop that continuously monitors and compensates for phase and amplitude drifts within the radar RF analog circuitry through high-speed processing of the streaming data collections. Vector corrections are applied to each recorded data point, using internal loop samples of the transmit pulse from a common RF channel and digitizer, without degrading other overall system performance capabilities. Demonstrated stability levels exceed –50 dB over the full operational RF bandwidth, for periods of several hours, with environmental temperature variations of several degrees. This measurement mode provides ~30 dB of improvement over conventional instrumentation radar systems under similar test conditions, which consequently enables significant improvements in measurement applications incorporating background subtraction or where extremely stable system parameters are required.